In the past ten years, nanotechnology has significantly addressed a number of nanomaterials in the biomedical field, offering the chance to obtain more effective therapy, more targeted distribution, and an enhanced safety profile. During drug distribution, nanocarriers may be able to shield the active chemical. The delivery of medications and genes has improved the molecule's bioavailability at the illness site and provided good control over the molecule's release, depending on the nanosystem being used. This chapter covers a variety of cutting-edge nanomaterials intended to create improved nanocarrier systems for treating ailments like malaria, heart failure and cancer. Additionally, we show how promising nanocarriers are for facilitating biodistribution and diagnostic ease for effective clinical cancer therapy.

Treatment failure and recurrent infections are linked to increased risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and persistence. As a result, they play a significant role in the rising rates of morbidity and mortality that raise healthcare expenses. Standard microbiological assays may easily identify antibiotic resistance, and the threat that antibiotic resistance poses has long been understood. There are measures in place to stop the emergence of resistance and the dissemination of resistant bacteria. Antibiotic persistence, the phenomenon where bacteria survive antibiotic exposure even when they are completely susceptible, is still largely unrecognized. Antibiotic persistence, as opposed to antibiotic resistance, is more difficult to quantify and so frequently overlooked, which may result in treatment failures. In this review, we address the consequences of these bacterial pathways for antibiotic resistance and human health. We address recent research that connects bacterial tolerance and persistence to the evolution of antibiotic resistance, and we explain the relationship between bacterial heterogeneity and antibiotic persistence. Lastly, we go into persister detection techniques, cutting-edge approaches to getting rid of bacterial persisters and the most recent developments in the creation of new antibiotics.